The Challenge of Deep Models

The paper discusses methodological achievements which have been incorporated into second generation expert systems. The key ideas are (1) to incorporate more principled knowledge about the domain into a knowledge based system and to reason from these ((rst) principles, (2) to deene the conceptual model explicitly, and (3) to do some abstraction. Abstraction is done on three levels: the factual knowledge level, the level of inference steps, and the task level. The challenges of these methods are discussed from the viewpoint of medical and technical applications.